DARPA's Biomedical Surveillance Unveiled With Human Research & Brain Computer Interfaces

 Okay, here's the timeline and cast of characters based on the provided sources.


Timeline of Events

  • 1791: Luigi Galvani conducts muscle twitch experiments on frogs, a precursor to understanding peripheral nerve activity (DARPA NEURAL PLASTICITY).
  • Early 1970s: The term "brain-computer interface" (BCI) is coined (GAO).
  • 1980s: Researchers begin developing wearable BCIs capable of simple computer tasks (GAO).
  • 2003: DARPA Bio Info Micro Annual PI Meeting (Washington Headquarters Services > FOIA > Reading Room > Reading-Room-List_2 > DARPA)
  • 2004: Direct Brain Machine Interface (Washington Headquarters Services > FOIA > Reading Room > Reading-Room-List_2 > DARPA)
  • 2005: P.P. Irazoqui publishes on Inductive Powering in Miniature Implantable Neural Recording Devices (CID).
  • 2010 - 2015: P.P. Irazoqui publishes extensively on various implantable device technologies including those related to epilepsy, intraocular pressure, and cardiovascular monitoring (CID).
  • 2014: DARPA launches the Hand Proprioception and Touch Interface (HAPTIX) program to develop a fully-implantable bidirectional neuroprosthetic system for amputees (DARPA NEURAL PLASTICITY).
  • 2014-2024: The NIH BRAIN initiative provides over $3.5 billion in funding for neuroscientific research, including BCI development (GAO).
  • 2015: Nanowire implants offer remote-controlled drug delivery (CID News).
  • April 2016: Company Purchases Purdue Technology to Revolutionize Bionic Limbs (CID News).
  • May 2016: Purdue technology revolutionizes future of artificial limbs (CID News).
  • April 2021: A wearable BCI for stroke rehabilitation receives premarket authorization from the FDA (GAO).
  • 2021: Bureau of Industry and Security within the Department of Commerce seeks public comments on the potential uses of BCIs, including whether the U.S. or its adversaries could use BCIs to gain a military or intelligence advantage (GAO).
  • September 08, 2022: GAO publishes Science & Tech Spotlight: Brain-Computer Interfaces, GAO-22-106118 (Washington, D.C.).
  • 2023: The Bureau of Industry and Security hosts a conference with industry experts to further consider national security implications of and export controls for BCIs (GAO). FDA grants Breakthrough Device designation to a wearable BCI for communication (GAO).
  • March 2024: Stakeholders convene the Implantable Brain-Computer Interface Collaborative Community (iBCI-CC) (GAO).
  • July 2024: A foundry in the U.S. becomes the first of its kind to receive funding from the CHIPS and Science Act to increase its production of micro-electromechanical systems used in implants (GAO).
  • October 8, 2024: GAO accesses https://mirm-pitt.net/brain-initiative-funding-received-for-bci-development-and-testing/, accessed Oct. 8, 2024.

Cast of Characters


  • Hyowon (Hugh) Lee: Preeminent Team Leader at the Center for Implantable Devices (CID) and Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Ashraf Alam: Jai N. Gupta Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.
  • Ed Bartlett: Associate Professor of Biology and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Amy Brewster: Assistant Professor, Psychology and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Zhihong Chen: Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.
  • Tim Fisher: Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.
  • John Jefferys: Adjunct Professor, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue and Professor, Neuroscience, Oxford University, UK.
  • Chi Hwan Lee: Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Hugh Lee: Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Zhongming Liu: Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Thelma Lovick: Adjunct Professor, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue and Honorary Reader, Physiology, University of Bristol, UK.
  • Mark Lundstrom: Don and Carol Scifres Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.
  • Ramses Martinez: Assistant Professor - Joint Appointment with Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Anand Raghunathan: Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.
  • Vijay Raghunathan: Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.
  • Jenna Rickus: Professor of Agriculture and Biological, Biomedical Engineering at Purdue.
  • Kaushik Roy: Edward G. Tiedemann Jr. Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue.
  • Mark Sayles: Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Speech, Language & Hearing Sciences at Purdue.
  • Gabriel Simon: Adjunct Professor, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue and Director, Instituto Oftalmologia Gabriel Simon, Spain.
  • P.P. Irazoqui: Purdue faculty member, prolific publisher in implantable device technologies.
  • Luigi Galvani: Scientist whose frog muscle experiments laid early groundwork for understanding peripheral nerve interfaces.
  • Anna Wexler & Peter B. Reiner: Researches who published "Oversight of direct-to-consumer neurotechnologies: Efficacy of products is far from clear.”
  • Austin Betts: DARPA Director
  • Charles Herzfeld: DARPA Director
  • Craig Fields: DARPA Director
  • Frank Fernandez: DARPA Director
  • Gary Denman: DARPA Director
  • George Heilmeier: DARPA Director
  • Jack Ruina: DARPA Director
  • Larry Lynn: DARPA Director
  • Raymond Colladay: DARPA Director
  • Robert Cooper: DARPA Director
  • Robert Fossum: DARPA Director
  • Robert Sproull: DARPA Director
  • Steven Lukasik: DARPA Director
  • Tony Tether: DARPA Director
  • Victor Reis: DARPA Director

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